Instructions to Authors 
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Introduction
Title: It should be concise and relevant, consisting of the key elements of the report to accurately reflect its contents
Abstract: The abstract should outline the objectives, methodology, main results, and conclusions of the study. It should not exceed 350 words. Please provide appropriate keywords (5-6) after the abstract.
Introduction: This section should be brief and focused, clearly explaining the study's objectives and providing sufficient background knowledge based on existing literature.
Materials and Methods: Provide a detailed description of the materials used, analytical techniques, and procedures employed for data analysis. Please include the standard method and modifications if applicable, along with the year and location of the study and laboratory. Describe the experimental design and statistical techniques clearly and appropriately.
Results and Discussion: This section may be combined or presented separately. Present the results concisely using tables and figures. Avoid using the same data in both formats. Provide appropriate statistical data and develop the discussion logically, covering the implications and consequences rather than merely restating the results. Where applicable, indicate significant differences among groups with letters or symbols as per standard protocols within tables and/or figures. Compare the findings with relevant published literature and highlight similarities or differences where appropriate.
Figures and Tables: Limit figures to the minimum necessary. Use black India ink or laser print for line drawings, compatible with Windows 2010. Number figures consecutively with Arabic numerals (e.g., Fig. 7). Captions should clearly describe the content. Number the tables consecutively with Arabic numerals. Include only essential data, making sure that the tables are concise and not overly crowded. Use horizontal lines between rows and columns separately. Only complementary tables will be accepted and the size of the tables should be reasonable. Large tables should be divided appropriately. Moreover, duplication of data in table and figures should be avoided.
References: In each article, regardless of category, author(s) must ensure that at least 30% of cited references are from manuscripts published within the last five years.
References should be cited in the text as: Haefner (2013) or (Haefner, 2013), Kousar and Javed (2015) or (Kousar and Javed, 2015), Chen et al. (2016) or (Chen et al., 2015), Tan et al. (2016) or (Tan et al., 2016). If the enlisted authors are three, then write surname and initials of all authors, however in text write Wilkes et al. (2016). If the enlisted authors are more than three, then write surname and initials of first three authors, other authors will be replaced by et al., e.g., Chen et al. (2016). The list of references at the end of manuscript must be arranged alphabetically and each reference in the list should appear in the following form:
Chen L, Jiang T, Li X, et al., 2022. Immunomodulatory activity of ?-glucan and mannan-oligosaccharides from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on broiler chickens challenged with feed-borne Aspergillus fumigatus. Pak Vet J 42:297-301.
Haefner S, 2013. The Hitchhiker's guide to the blood system. Microbes Infect 43:645-8.
Kousar S and Javed M, 2024. Diagnosis of metals induced DNA damage in fish using comet assay. Pak Vet J 44:168-72.
Tan W, Li M and Xie ZX, 2016. An overview of avian influenza A H10N8 subtype viruses. Pak Vet J 36:251-7.
Authors are expected to avoid citing references to books, monographs, proceedings or thesis due to limited availability everywhere. If necessary to cite, these should include: 1) author(s) or editor(s); 2) year of publication, 3) title, 4) edition, 5) Publisher and place of publication and 6) beginning and final page numbers of the relevant chapter, as shown below:
Ray DE, 2001. yrethroid insecticides: mechanisms of toxicity, systemic poisoning syndromes, paresthesia and therapy. In: Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology: Vol 2: Agents (Krieger R, J Doull and D Ecobichon, eds): Academic Press, San Diego, USA, pp:1289-1303.
Stevens JB, Anderson F, Olson WG, et al.., 1980. Metabolic profile testing. In: Bovine Medicine and Surgery (Amstutz HE, ed). 2nd Ed, American Veterinary Publications, California, USA, pp:597-612.
Reference to proceedings of Symposia/Congresses must include: (1) author(s), (2) title of the article, (3) Symposium/Congress title, (4) city and country where held, (5) day, month and year of the event and (6) page numbers of the article, as shown below:
Hafez MF, 2015. Enteric disorder in poultry: never-ending story. Proc "International Seminar on Poultry Diseases", Faisalabad, Pakistan, 14-15 Dec, 2015, pp:53-61.
Saleemi MK, Altaf Q, Khan MZ, et al., 2024. Immunopathological effects of Ochratoxin A in broiler chicks and its amelioration with baker’s yeast. Proc "2nd World Veterinary Poultry Association Asian Poultry Health Meeting", Bangkok, Thailand; 11-12 Sep 2024, pp:85-95.
Soomro AH, Raunaq S, Sheikh SA and Khaskheli M, 2023. Assessment of microbial quality of farm buffalo milk. Proc "8th Asian Buffalo Congress", Istanbul, Turkey; 21-25 April, 2023, pp:46.
Examples
Journal articles:
Aucella, F., R.P. Scalzulli, G. Gatta, M. Vigilante, A.M. Carella and C. Stallone (2003). Calcitriol increases burst-forming unit-erythroid proliferation in chronic renal failure. Nephron Clin. Pract. 95(4):121-127.
Books:
Malik, F. M. (2012). Milk preservation. 3rd Ed. Intech Communications; Lahore (Pakistan). 178 p.
If the city is well-known, the country name is not needed; otherwise, include the country in parentheses.
Theses or reports:
Bhatti, M. B. (2008). Use of artificial sweeteners in mango juice. M.Sc. thesis (unpublished). Dept. of Food Tech., Univ. Agri., Multan.
Anonymous. (2012). Economic Survey, Economic Affairs Division, Govt. Pakistan, Islamabad.
Conference Proceedings:
Raheem, M. S. and S. A. Khan (2013). Proc. Pak. Assoc. Sci., 12:59. (Mention the location, conference was held).
Acknowledgments: If any, should be brief and precede references. Use clear, straightforward language without compromising clarity or brevity.
Authors’ Contribution: Detail the contribution of each author using initials. Clearly state each author's involvement in the experiment, data analysis, interpretation, and manuscript approval. For example: "KN and FM conceived and designed the study; DR, FR, and BB executed the experiments". Please put authors' contribution before the references.
Proofs: Revisions and final approval are managed electronically. Authors are allowed to make minor corrections at the proof stage and they are requested to return via email within a specific timeframe. No changes in authorship can be made after the acceptance of manuscript.